ELECTRONICS
Calorimetric Triggering (invited talk) 30 minutes
Maris Abolins
(Michigan state university, USA)
In the next few years a number of particle accelerators along with new detectors will be brought into operation. They will present
challenges to triggering because of unprecedented luminosities of the accelerators and because of the increased size a complexity of the detectors. Because evidence for new physics will probably be subtle and rare and because our ability to transfer event data to permanent storage is likely to remain limited, effective and efficient triggers must be used to discard the overwhelming majority of uninteresting events. The design of such triggers at reasonable cost is made possible by
exponential improvements in the speed and density of electronic devices. I will review calorimetric triggering in recent past experiments and then discuss possible future developments. This will include plans for triggering for Run II at the Tevatron and trigger strategies for the LHC. I will also discuss the impact on calorimetric triggering of increasingly more powerful processors and of high density Programmable Logic Devices (PLD's).

The KLOE Calorimeter Frond End Electronics 15 minutes
A. Passeri
(INFN Frascaty, Italy)
The KLOE experiment's main goal is to measure the CP violation parameter R(epsilon'/epsilon) with an accuracy of O(10-4). Such a high level precision imposes stringent conditions in term of energy (<5%/sqrt[E(GeV)]) and time resolution (<70ps/sqrt[E(GeV)]) on the calorimeter and its electronics. The trigger system, mostly based on the calorimeter signals, must be fast and fully efficient (>99%) for all events relevant to study CP violation. It must also have good background rejection to keep the overall data rate at a reasonable level. The whole readout electronic chain (preamplifier, splitter, shaper, discriminator, ADC, TDC), custom designed to have low noise, high bandwidth, small time jitter, good stability and linearity will be described and its performances presented. The calorimetric trigger will also be discussed from a topological and electronic point of view.

The KLOE Calorimeter Trigger 15 minutes
Dr. matteo Palutan
(INFN Rome 2, Italy)
The KLOE trigger system has been designed to reach an efficiency exceeding 99\% on all neutral kaons decays. It
has also the task of producing a valid signal for starting the calorimeter FEE as fastly as possible, and anyway not
more than $\sim 350$ ns from the interaction.The calorimeter trigger signals are generated by local
energy deposits larger than a programmable threshold. A double set of thresholds is used for each channel, to
trigger on particles from $\phi$ decays, and to reject Bhabha scattering events. A highly redundant monitoring system allows for an efficient online control of the detector performances as well as for an accurate determination of its efficiency on physics channels. The calibration procedure of the calorimeter trigger is described, together with its perfromances on real $\phi$ meson decays

Status of the electronics for the electromagnetic calorimeter
of CMS, a LHC experiment 20 minutes
Dr. Pierre Depasse
(IPN Lyon, France)
Compact Muon Solenoid is one of both generic detectors to be constructed for Large Hadron Collider at CERN at the horizon 2005. In the electromagnetic calorimeter subdetector two different parts are foreseen : barrel and endcaps. There are based on PbWO4 scintillating crystals. The scintillation signal is read by avalanche photodiodes in the barrel case and vacuum phototriodes in the endcaps one. A preshower is placed in front of the endcaps. Readout electronics for both photosensors are roughly the same except the preamplifier gain. As electronic circuits will be located just behind the crystal, they must survive a total dose of up to 2 MRad along with 5 E 13 n/cm2. The readout chain, designed in radhard technology, consists of a custom dynamic-range floating point preamplifier (FPPA), commercial ADC and custom optical link for each crystal. The design overview and status of this readout electronics for the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter will be presented.

Electro-Optical Readout System for the CMS Scintillating Hadronic Calorimeters 20 minutes
Dr. Daniel Karmgard
(Notre dame University, USA)
The CMS hadron calorimeter is a sampling calorimeter composed of brass absorber with active elements made of scintillating layers (megatiles). Light signals from the scintillators are converted from layer to tower geometry with fiber optic decoding located on the detector. These readout boxes (RBX) serve as interfaces between the optical signals from the detector and calibration systems and the photo-sensor (HPD) electrical systems. The RBX includes front end electronics (QIE) and laser signal drivers for communication with the trigger and data acquisition systems. Details of the RBX system design will be presented, along with prototypes of the readout system.

The ReadOut Driver (ROD) fro the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeters 20 minutes
Dr. Ilias Efthymiopoulos
(invited talk)
The Readout Driver (ROD) for the Liquid Argon calorimeter front-end electronics of the ATLAS detector is described. Each ROD module receives triggered data from 256 calorimeter cells via two fiber-optics 1.2~Gbit/s links with a 100~KHz event rate (25~Kbit/event). Its principal function is to determine the precise energy and timing of the signal from discrete samples of the waveform, taken each period of the LHC clock (25~ns). In addition, it checks, histograms, and formats the digital data stream. A demonstrator system, consisting of a motherboard and
several daughter-board processing units (PUs) was constructed and is currently under testing in the lab.
The design of the prototype motherboard is presented here. The board offers maximum modularity and allows the development and testing of different processing units (PU) based on today's leading integer and floating point DSPs. Results of comparative studies among different PUs designs are presented, along with simulation studies for the final ATLAS system.

Analysis and understanding of signal waveforms in the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter 20 minutes
Dr. Francesco Lanni
(BNL, USA)
The ATLAS liquid argon (LAr) calorimeters are high granularity detectors designed to measure electrons and photons in a wide range of energies (50MeV to 3 TeV) with a resolution of
10%/sqrt(E) + 0.7%. A deep understanding of the signal waveforms and of the calibrations is mandatory to keep the constant term of the resolution within the limits required over a large number
of channels. In this paper the readout architecture of the barrel calorimeter together with a detailed study of the calibration and electron signal waveforms are presented

Analog Trigger Tower Adders for the Tilecal: Radiation Tolerance and Production Tests 20 minutes
Dr. Augusto Santiago Cerqueira
(invited talk)
A trigger tower signal for the hadronic calorimeter (Tilecal) in ATLAS is built by an active adder, which is designed to linearly combine up to six differential signals (50 nanosecond width) over a wide dynamic range (10 bits). For final production, more than two thousand of such adders will be needed.
This paper focuses on the late test results of the final design of this adder. The design is based on combining input differential signals by means of wideband transconductance amplifiers and using an instrumentation amplifier stage for providing the required differential output voltage swing. Different successful tests were performed on prototypes, including lab tests for optimizing the design and evaluating a pre-production of such adders, radiation resistance tests for neutrons and gammas, and beam tests using the complete electronic readout chain.

Calibration and Ionization Signals in the ATLAS Hadronic End-Cap Calorimeter
Dr. Leonid Kurchaninov
(MPI Munich, Germany)
The HEC calibration and readout chain is described. A model based on the description of all individual parts is presented. This model is used to generate functions for the fit of calibration pulses and predict the ionization signals. A new method of the ionization signal reconstruction is developed and studied with the test beam data.The accuracy of the new calibration procedure is estimated and discussed.

Electronic frontend for LHCb elecromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters. 20 minutes
Dr. christophe beigbeder
(LAL Orsay, France)
The electronic frontend of the LHCb electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters will be described. It consists of 9U 32 channel boards, each channel including shaper-integrator, 12 bit ADC and lookup tables allowing to code the transverse energy information both for readout and for the Level 0 trigger. The readout information is stored in a fixed latency 4 microsecond long buffer followed by a derandomiser. The trigger information is processed further on the board by FPGA, performing channel addition and comparison to extract the highest transverse energy local cluster for further processing.
The system is fully synchronous and allows to extract candidates for calorimetric trigger at every 40 Mhz clockcycle. The operation and characteristics (noise, linearity etc..) of a prototype board will be described.

The HERA-B ECAL Monitoring system and Calibration 20 minutes
Dr. Irina Matchikhilian
(ITEP/DESY, Germany)
A brief description of the HERA-B ECAL Monitoring system and some basic ideas of the calibration methods are presented. Calibration of the HERA-B ECAL is performed in several steps.The initial calibration is based on the data from ECAL itself and does not require information from other detectors. Application of the different calibration techniques at the different stages of calibration is discussed.The results of the channels stability measurements are presented.